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Fig. 1: Scheme of the experimental design of the release trial.
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Fig. 2: Weekly parasitization of D. suzukii pupae in sites 1 and 2 on strawberry and banana. Trap position is indicated by the following abbreviations: cherry tree branch (CT), southern side of the hedgerow (HS) and northern side of the hedgerow (HN).
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Tab. 2: Temperature in the three sites during the release trial.
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Tab. 3: Natural presence of parasitoids in the three sites.
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Tab. 4: Mean parasitization (%) in cups baited with strawberry and banana during the release trial (weeks 22-26) and after the trial (weeks 27-29). Overall parasitization refers to the emerged parasitoids T. drosophilae, P. vindemmiae and Leptopilina sp.
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Releases of Trichopria drosophilae on cherry, in three locations at different altitudes in South Tyrol (north-eastern Italy) and its potential to parasitise Drosophila suzukii
Abstract
In recent years, Drosophila suzukii Matsumura (Diptera: drosophilidae) caused serious damages in cherries and small fruits cultivations in South Tyrol, making it difficult for growers to continue their activities without production losses. Biological control of the pest could play an important role in its population regulation, by lowering the pest pressure at the beginning of the season. This study aims to evaluate the potential of Trichopria drosophilae Perkins (Hymenoptera: Diapriidae), an indigenous pupal parasitoid of drosophilids, in parasitizing D. suzukii in cherry orchards situated at different altitudes and characterized by different agronomic peculiarities. The release trials showed the ability of the parasitoid to find and parasitise artificially exposed pupae of D. suzukii in two out of three localities, up to 915 m. The results highlight the importance for the released species of an adequate surrounding environment for its spread and establishment.
In den letzten Jahren hat Drosophila suzukii Matsumura (Diptera: Drosophilidae) in Südtirol schwere Schäden bei Kirsch- und Beerenobstkulturen verursacht, wodurch es den Anbauern schwer gemacht wurde, ihre Aktivitäten ohne Produktionsausfälle fortzusetzen. Die biologische Bekämpfung des Schädlings könnte in Zukunft eine wichtige Rolle bei der Populationsregulierung der Kirschessigfliege spielen, vor allem um zu Beginn der Saison den Befallsdruck zu senken. Diese Studie zielte darauf ab, das Parasitierungspotenzial von Trichopria drosophilae Perkins (Hymenoptera: Diapriidae), einem einheimischen Puppenparasitoid von Drosophiliden, in Kirschanlagen in unterschiedlichen Anbaulagen in verschiedenen Höhenlagen zu untersuchen. Die Freisetzungsversuche haben gezeigt, dass der Parasitoid die angebotenen Puppen des Schädlings in zwei von drei „behandelten“ Anlagen finden und parasitieren kann, bis auf 915 m. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die freigesetzte Art eine geeignete Umgebung für ihre Verbreitung und Etablierung braucht.
Negli ultimi anni, Drosophila suzukii Matsumura (Ditteri: drosophilidae) ha causato gravi danni alle coltivazioni di ciliegie e piccoli frutti in Alto Adige, rendendo difficile per i coltivatori continuare le loro attività senza perdite di produzione. Il controllo biologico di questo fitofago potrebbe svolgere un ruolo importante nella regolazione della popolazione, abbassando la pressione delle infestazioni a inizio stagione. Questo studio mira a valutare il potenziale di Trichopria drosophilae Perkins (Imenotteri: Diapriidae), parassitoide pupale indigeno di drosofilidi, nel parassitizzare D. suzukii in impianti di ciliegio in diverse realtà agronomiche a diverse altitudini. Le prove di rilascio hanno mostrato la capacità del parassitoide di trovare e parassitizzare le pupe di D. suzukii esposte in due dei tre impianti presi in esame, fino a 915 m. I risultati evidenziano l'importanza per la specie rilasciata di un ambiente circostante adeguato alla sua diffusione e insediamento.
Introduction
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The aim of this study is to provide new insights into T. drosophilae’s ability to find and successfully parasitise D. suzukii pupae in field conditions at different altitudes. For this purpose, four parasitoid releases were performed between May and June 2018 in three different sites, all characterised by the presence of a cherry orchard and a hedgerow. The persistence of T. drosophilae was evaluated up to 4 weeks after the last release. Climatic conditions such as temperature and humidity were also considered in the study, to investigate their influence on parasitism levels.
Methods
Study site and microclimatic conditions
Three cherry orchards, located at different altitudes in the province of South Tyrol, were selected for the release trials. These are located close to the Laimburg Research Centre (site 1), at 220 m a.s.l., in Lengstein (site 2), at 915 m a.s.l., and in Kastelruth (site 3), at 1115 m a.s.l.. In all sites, a hedgerow consisting of different plant species, including ornamental trees and shrubs, was present along one side of the orchard. Cherry orchards were managed by integrated pest management, except in site 1, where no insecticides were applied. In site 1, the hedgerow separates the orchard from a building, while in site 3 apple orchards are located behind the hedge. In site 2, the hedge is thicker than in the other sites and divides the cultivated land from meadows. Moreover, insect exclusion nets (1.5 x 1 mm mesh) were installed in this site, around the orchard, which separated the hedge from the cherry trees. Site descriptions are reported in Table 1.
Tab. 1: Description of the study sites.
Locality |
Site |
Coordinates |
Surrounding environment |
---|---|---|---|
Laimburg (220 m) |
1 |
46.3798N, 11.2863E |
Apple orchards, buildings and woodland |
Lengstein (915 m) |
2 |
46.5518N, 11.4967E |
Woodland, pond and meadows |
Kastelruth (1115 m) |
3 |
46.5586N, 11.5584E |
Apple orchards, meadows and buildings |
In each site, one datalogger was positioned along the hedge to measure temperature and relative humidity. The dataloggers were hung in shady areas to avoid the exposition to direct sun, which could lead to incorrect measurements.
Sentinel traps
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Presence of natural populations of parasitoids
Before starting the release trials, sentinel traps were placed in the hedgerow along the cherry orchard to verify the presence of natural populations of already established parasitoids. Starting from April 9, six weeks before the first release, a red delta trap was placed in the hedgerow of the cherry orchard in site 1. The presence of natural populations of parasitoids was evaluated with the same procedure in sites 2 and 3 starting respectively 4 and 2 weeks before the first release of T. drosophilae.
Release trial
T. drosophilae individuals for the trial were provided by Bioplanet s.r.l. (Cesena, Italy), in plastic bottles containing 500 individuals each, either in adult form or inside parasitised D. melanogaster pupae. The parasitoids were released one day after arrival of the bottles in all three sites. A total of 4 releases of 1000 T. drosophilae individuals each were carried out on May 24 and 31 and on June 14 and 21. Prior to the first release, a check was carried out on 100 individuals of T. drosophilae received, to verify the proportion between males and females inside the bottle.
Three sentinel traps were placed along the hedge and in the cherry orchard, respectively 15 m from the release point (Fig. 1). Two traps were hung along the hedge at about 1.5 m height and one inside the orchard, on a cherry tree branch. Below each Delta trap, dug in the ground, was placed a jar containing earth and third-stage D. suzukii larvae. This was also closed by a thin mesh net (0.8 mm) to allow the parasitoids entrance and to stop drosophilids.
The traps were changed weekly and brought to the laboratory from May 24 to July 19. After June 28, only the plastic cups containing strawberry pieces were exposed in the traps. Pupae were collected from the plastic cups and placed in small plastic pots, closed with a modified cap to allow air circulation. Pots were incubated at 21 ± 1 °C, 75% RH and 16:8 L:D until eclosion of D. suzukii or parasitoid adults.
Augmentorium
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Statistical analysis
For sites 1 and 2, a factorial ANOVA was conducted to compare the main effects of substrate (earth/banana/strawberry), trap position (cherry tree/hedgerow South/hedgerow North) and week and the interaction effect of substrate and trap position on parasitisation by T. drosophilae. The influence of substrate, trap position and week on overall parasitisation (T. drosophilae and P. vindemmiae) in site 1 was also analysed using a factorial ANOVA. The analyses were conducted on the data collected between May 24 and June 28. All data were cube-root transformed to meet the assumptions of normality. Statistical analyses were run using IBM® SPSS® Statistics v24 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA).
Results
Microclimatic conditions
In site 1, the mean temperature ranged between 18.5 °C and 25.9 °C during the release trial. A maximum temperature of 35 °C was reached on June 19 and the minimum temperature 9.4 °C on June 23 (Tab. 2). Temperatures in sites 2 and 3 are about 4 °C and 5 °C cooler compared to site 1, respectively, and showed similar trends during the trial period (Tab. 2).
Tab. 2: Temperature in the three sites during the release trial.
|
Mean Temperature Range (°C) |
Maximum temperature (°C) |
Minimum temperature (°C) |
---|---|---|---|
Site 1 |
18.5 – 25.9 |
35.5 |
9.4 |
Site 2 |
14.4 – 21.5 |
30.5 |
8 |
Site 3 |
13.1 – 20.9 |
28.5 |
8 |
Mean relative humidity ranged between 40% and 90% and similar maximum and minimum values were registered in all sites during the trial.
Presence of natural populations of parasitoids
Only in site 1 was the natural presence of parasitoids observed in the hedgerow before the release trial (Tab. 3). In the last week of April, 6 individuals of the generalist pupal parasitoid P. vindemmiae emerged from 6 out of 20 pupae collected from the trap. Larval parasitoids of the genus Leptopilina were recovered from 5 D. suzukii pupae exposed in the trap during the second week of May (Tab. 3). No parasitoids were found in the traps exposed in the hedgerows of the cherry orchards before the release trial in sites 2 and 3.
Tab. 3: Natural presence of parasitoids in the three sites.
Date |
Site |
Nr. parasitized pupae/total pupae found in the trap |
Parasitoid species |
---|---|---|---|
9 - 16 April |
1 |
0/16 |
|
16 - 24 April |
1 |
0/17 |
|
24 April - 2 May |
1 |
6/20 |
Pachycrepoideus vindemmiae |
2 |
0/11 |
|
|
2 - 9 May |
1 |
0/4 |
|
2 |
0/20 |
|
|
9 - 16 May |
1 |
5/19 |
Leptopilina sp. |
2 |
0/7 |
|
|
3 |
0/6 |
|
|
16 - 23 May |
1 |
0/14 |
|
2 |
0/9 |
|
|
3 |
0/7 |
|
Release trial
Out of 100 individuals collected from the bottles sent by Bioplanet s.r.l., 48 were males and 52 females.
A total of 687 D. suzukii pupae were collected from the traps on the ground baited with earth between May 24 and July 19 in the three sites; however no parasitoids emerged from these during the whole trial.
In site 1, a statistically significant effect of substrates (F[2, 32]=4.24; p=0.02) and weeks (F[4, 32]=3.91; p=0.01) was observed on T. drosophilae parasitisation during the release trial. In fact, parasitisation on strawberry and banana differed significantly from earth, where no parasitoids emerged. Nevertheless, no difference in parasitisation was registered when comparing the two fruit types. T. drosophilae successfully attacked D. suzukii in the first three weeks but failed in parasitising the pupae in the last two weeks of trial. Trap position did not reveal any significant effect on the parasitisation by T. drosophilae and no significant interaction was observed with the type of substrate.
The overall parasitisation, caused by T. drosophilae and other parasitoids, did not show any significant effect due to trap position nor week number. Also in this case, the significant difference between substrates (F[2, 36]=9.18; p=0.001) on T. drosophilae parasitisation is due to the lack of parasitised pupae in earth, but was not observed between the two fruit types, banana and strawberry. Mean overall parasitisation was almost double compared to only parasitisation by T. drosophilae during the release trial; however, it fell below 6% in the following three weeks (Tab. 4). In sentinel traps exposed in weeks 27 – 29, no T. drosophilae eclosions were observed in the three sites (Tab. 4).
Tab. 4: Mean parasitization (%) in cups baited with strawberry and banana during the release trial (weeks 22-26) and after the trial (weeks 27-29). Overall parasitization refers to the emerged parasitoids T. drosophilae, P. vindemmiae and Leptopilinasp.
Site |
Type of parasitization |
Mean parasitization (%) during weeks 22-26 |
Mean parasitization (%) during weeks 27-29 |
---|---|---|---|
1 |
T. drosophilae |
10.16 |
0 |
Overall |
20.2 |
5.69 |
|
2 |
T. drosophilae |
14.68 |
0 |
Overall |
14.68 |
5.05 |
|
3 |
T. drosophilae |
0 |
0 |
Overall |
0 |
6.03 |
In site 2, statistically significant interactions of substrates (F[2, 32]=6.28; p=0.005) and trap position (F[2, 32]=3.76; p=0.03) were registered on T. drosophilae parasitisation. In fact, parasitoids emergence was observed only once in the sentinel trap positioned on the cherry branch, whereas parasitisation levels were higher in traps exposed on the hedgerow (Fig. 2). Week number did not show any significant interaction with T. drosophilae parasitisation, which occurred from week 22 until week 26 (Fig. 2).
Fig. 2: Weekly parasitization of D. suzukii pupae in sites 1 and 2 on strawberry and banana. Trap position is indicated by the following abbreviations: cherry tree branch (CT), southern side of the hedgerow (HS) and northern side of the hedgerow (HN).
No parasitisation of D. suzukii pupae was observed in site 3 following the four parasitoids releases.
P. vindemmiae emerged from pupae collected in weeks 28 and 29 in all three sites (Tab. 4). In site 1, larval parasitoids of the genus Leptopilina also emerged from pupae during the weeks following the releases. Overall parasitisation assessed in the 3 weeks following the release trial ranged between 5% and 6%, whereas no T. drosophilae eclosions were registered after week 26 (Tab. 4).
More than 100 pupae were found in the augmentorium buckets placed in sites 1 and 2, where 25% and 15.5% of pupae had been parasitised, respectively. Of the 50 pupae found in the augmentorium placed in site 3, only 16% were parasitised. As parasitisation was assessed by observing the empty puparium, parasitoid species could not be identified.
Discussion
The results obtained in the current study show the ability of T. drosophilae to parasitise D. suzukii exposed pupae in different field conditions, both in lower and higher elevations, up to 915 m.
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The released T. drosophilae did not use much of the pupae present in the augmentorium to reproduce. The highest percentage of parasitisation was registered in site 1, where natural populations of parasitoids were already present, and the climatic conditions were probably more favourable to the activity of parasitoids.
In conclusion, this trial confirmed the suitability of T. drosophilae in using D. suzukii pupae to successfully reproduce and the ability to find pupae in artificially infested fruits. The results indicate that larvae pupating within the fruit are more effectively parasitised than those fallen to the ground, inside the earth. It would therefore be useful to understand the reasons and conditions favourable to this trend. Nevertheless, further research is needed to demonstrate to what extent pupae in rotten fruits fallen to the ground can be parasitised by T. drosophilae.
T. drosophilae showed parasitic activity at the beginning of the season at higher elevations, with variable success depending much on habitat structure. In our study, temperature ranges in site 2 and 3 show a similar trend and play a negligible role in parasitisation success. Further investigations are necessary to evaluate the effectiveness of T. drosophilae in suppressing D. suzukii first generation and its persistence in the environment.
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